Friday, October 24, 2008

Besarkah Biaya Pergantian (migrasi) dari Windows ke Linux ?

Jika dilihat sekilas atau dengan kacamata kepentingan sesaat jawabannya adalah YA. Namun secara jangka panjang, biaya migrasi ini sangat kecil karena hanya dilakukan satu kali, bandingkan dengan biaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk membayar lisensi tahunan.

Hal lain yang harus menjadi pertimbangan dalam melihat besar kecilnya biaya migrasi adalah bahwa biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk proses migrasi sebagian besar digunakan untuk mempersiapkan SDM bukan untuk pembelian software/hardware ataupun pembayaran lisensi. Tentunya dalam kacamata pendidikan, kualitas SDM tidak bisa dinilai dengan uang.

Selain itu, dengan menggunakan Linux, biaya pembelian dan perawatan perangkat keras dapat ditekan menjadi sekecil mungkin. Alasannya antara lain adalah (1) sampai saat ini (12 tahun sejak kelahiran Linux) belum pernah ada komputer Linux yang terserang virus (2) komputer yang menggunakan Linux jarang sekali mengalami gangguan walaupun dinyalakan/digunaka n non-stop berhari-hari bahkan berbulan-bulan. (3) Berbeda dengan Windows, Linux tidak membutuhkan komputer yang hebat agar dapat berjalan dengan baik.

Selain keuntungan dari segi ekonomis seperti telah dipaparkan di atas, ada keuntungan lain yang diperoleh khususnya oleh institusi pendidikan jika menggunakan Linux, antara lain :
  1. Linux menghasilkan orang-orang yang benar-benar memahami teknologi informasi dan komputer. Mereka yang memahami Linux terbukti dengan sangat mudah menggunakan Windows tetapi tidak sebaliknya.
  2. Linux tidak akan habis dieksplorasi karena Linux bersifat opensource dimana setiap orang berhak memperbanyak, memodifikasi dan merubahnya tanpa perlu khawatir melanggar hak cipta.
  3. Linux diciptakan oleh mahasiswa dan dikembangkan utamanya oleh kalangan akademisi serta pendukung keberadaan free software, didukung perusahaan seperti IBM, HP, dsb, sehingga Linux sangat berorientasi pada kebebasan bagi semua orang untuk mempelajari dan mengembangkannya.

Biaya Pelatihan
Yang paling sering menjadi keberatan para pelaku bisnis dalam pemanfaatan Linux adalah investasi yang harus dikeluarkan untuk pelatihan. Dalam argumentasinya mereka berpendapat bahwa walau investasi perangkat keras dan lunak begitu rendah, tetapi investasi pelatihan menjadi lebih tinggi. Ini ada benar dan ada salahnya.

Sepintas lalu penggunaan Linux akan meminta biaya investasi pelatihan yang cukup tinggi. Tetapi hal itu akan terbayar dengan dasar pengetahuan yang mereka dapatkan tidak hanya sekedar sebagai pengguna, tapi akan berkembang sebagai penyedia kebutuhan Teknologi Informasi intern perusahaan.

Pengetahuan yang mereka dapatkan dalam menggunakan Linux merupakan pengetahuan yang sifatnya mendasar. Tidak bisa dipungkiri lagi bahwa pengetahuan akan Linux merupakan pengetahuan dasar untuk dunia teknologi informasi. Hal ini akan merupakan investasi brainware bagi perusahaan tersebut. Hal lain adalah kenyataan bahwa pemanfaatan Linux di lingkungan perusahaan akan mendorong perusahaan tersebut untuk berkonsentrasi pada investasi di bidang sumber daya manusia (SDM) dalam bentuk pelatihan daripada investasi pembelian perangkat lunak. Dengan memfokuskan pada investasi SDM maka perusahaan akan memiliki pondasi infrastruktur TI yang kokoh, baik dari segi hardware, software maupun brainware.

Juga perlu dipikirkan investasi pelatihan ulang (re-training) yang harus dilakukan. Pemilihan perangkat lunak yang selalu membutuhkan investasi pelatihan setiap 1 tahun sekali, atau membutuhkan pelatihan untuk setiap produk baru keluar adalah kurang bijaksana. Akan lebih baik bila dilakukan investasi pelatihan kepada jenis perangkat lunak yang memberikan dasar pengetahuan (basic knowledge) yang baik dan memberikan kemampuan bagi para pengguna untuk mampu beradaptasi dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi.

Sebagai contoh adalah pelatihan yang dibutuhkan bagi pengguna ataupun System Administrator. Banyak orang beranggapan bahwa melakukan sistem administrasi pada Windows NT membutuhkan biaya pelatihan yang lebih rendah. Padahal kenyataannya setiap versi baru Windows NT keluar maka si administrator harus mengikuti pelatihan baru.

Hal ini disebabkan karena sistem yang baru memiliki banyak perbedaan dengan sistem yang lama. Sehingga secara total biaya pelatihan untuk sistem administrasi menjadi lebih mahal. Hal seperti ini tidak akan terjadi dengan Linux dimana setiap versi baru tidak memiliki perbedaan yang banyak dengan versi lama sehingga setiap pengguna dapat dengan mudah beradaptasi karena sudah memiliki pengetahuan dasar yang cukup.

Banyak perusahaan memilih suatu perangkat lunak yang 'mudah digunakan' dengan harapan akan memotong 'biaya pelatihan'. Hal ini ternyata kurang begitu tepat, karena:

  • Tingkat peluruhan hardware dan software jauh lebih cepat meluruh dalam bisnis TI (paling lama 3 tahun nilainya sudah kurang dari 50%). Sedangkan biaya pelatihan menurut International Accounting Standards Commitee akan dihitung waktu peluruhan dalam 10 tahun.
  • Secara makro, biaya yang dikeluarkan juga harus dipertimbangkan sebagai penggerak ekonomi lokal atau penambah beban devisa negara. Penggunaan Linux meminimalkan penambahan perangkat keras atau perangkat lunak yang harus dibeli. Penambahan biaya hanya dikeluarkan untuk pembayaran tenaga pelatihan lokal atau jasa dukungan teknis lokal. Ini membantu berputarnya perekonomian Indonesia.
  • Pada abad informasi ini, investasi di pelatihan adalah salah satu hal yang lebih disarankan daripada investasi di perangkat keras/lunak. Investasi di bidang "knowledge" membuat kontinuitas pemanfaatan teknologi lebih terjamin

Jadi bertambahnya biaya pendidikan/ pelatihan yang dikeluarkan suatu perusahaan yang menggunakan Linux akan terbayar dengan beberapa nilai positif dalam pemanfaatan TI dalam perusahaan itu di masa mendatang.

Penggunaan program berharga mahal yang diiming-imingi dengan segala kemudahan penggunaannya membuat orang berfikir pengguna program tersebut tidak membutuhkan pelatihan sehingga kebutuhan pelatihan menjadikan terlupakan. Hal ini telah diidentifikasi sebagai salah satu penyebab utama kegagalan pada sebagian besar proyek Teknologi Informasi.

Biaya Perawatan
Dalam menghitung biaya perawatan, sebaiknya bukan saja bergantung pada seberapa mudah awal pengoperasian tugas perawatan tetapi juga termasuk seberapa sering perangkat tersebut tak bekerja (down). Sebab setiap kerusakan akan memakan biaya perawatan, baik tenaga maupun waktu. Sehingga harus dipertimbangkan bukan hanya waktu awal untuk mempelajari, tetapi waktu keseluruhan, dari mempelajari menggunakan dan merawat.

Sebagai contoh, Linux server setelah diinstal dengan benar, relatif membutuhkan waktu perawatan yang kecil. Dari pertimbangan Mean Time Between Failure, dan Mean Time to Repair tentu Linux ini akan memberikan pilihan yang menarik pula. Dengan kata lain jika berbicara masalah administrasi sistem, tidak bisa dilupakan kaitannya dengan kehandalan (reliability) sistem.

Sebagai contoh, suatu sistem yang terlihat mudah ditangani misalnya membutuhkan waktu instalasi dan konfigurasi 2 jam. Tetapi dalam tempo 3 bulan sering mengalami gangguan, maka administrasi sistem tersebut dianggap kurang mudah daripada sistem yang instalasi 4 jam tetapi tidak pernah down selama 3 bulan (dalam kenyataannya malah untuk menginstall Linux dengan semua aplikasi sebesar 4 GB hanya dibutuhkan waktu kurang dari 2 jam, dengan konfigurasi Pentium Celeron 600 MHz dan 256 MB RAM).

Permasalahan utama dari penerimaan dunia bisnis tehadap LINUX ini adalah persepsi para manajer Teknologi Informasi. Sebagian besar mereka belum pernah mendengar tentang LINUX. Di samping itu adalah banyak tersebarnya FUD (fear, uncertainty and doubt) yang disebabkan oleh sifat distribusi LINUX yang bebas. Sebagian orang masih berpikir bahwa LINUX ini hanyalah software untuk para hobbiest sementara sebagian yang lain sudah terlalu fanatik dengan Windows dan tidak peduli dengan berbagai kelemahannya.

Kesimpulan
Dari apa yang dipaparkan di atas, tampak dapat disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan Linux dengan segala kelebihan dan kekurangannya menyebabkan tidak ada alasan bagi kita untuk menggunakan software apapun secara ilegal. Kesulitan yang mungkin terjadi jika kita beralih dari Windows ke Linux hanya masalah biaya migrasi, pelatihan, dan kebiasaan saja.

Bagi negara berkembang seperti Indonesia Linux sangat cocok untuk digunakan karena sifatnya yang terbuka dan gratis membuat kita bisa banyak belajar, mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan, dan bergabung dengan komunitas teknologi dunia. Tidak hanya menjadi bangsa yang konsumtif non- produktif.

Sudah saatnya pemerintah Indonesia melihat betapa negara maju seperti Jerman (yang notabene memiliki dana yang cukup untuk membeli lisensi Windows) lebih memilih Linux sebagai basis sistem informasinya.

Bagi dunia pendidikan, Linux dengan lisensi GPL-nya akan mendorong para pelajar untuk melakukan eksplorasi dan mengembangkan sistem operasi ini beserta segala aplikasinya. Besar kemungkinan mereka kelak akan membuat sebuah sistem operasi “Made in Indonesia” seperti orang Jerman dengan Suse Linux, Cina dengan RedFlag Linux, dan Singapura dengan ASP Linux-nya.

Dari sisi bisnis, penggunaan Linux meminimalisasi kebutuhan investasi dan perawatan perangkat keras / peralatan karena Linux bisa dijalankan pada komputer lama maupun baru dan tidak membutuhkan spesifikasi super. Investasi besar yang dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan yang bermigrasi ke Linux umumnya terpakai untuk melatih dan mengembangkan SDM.

Bahwa investasi / biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk berpindah ke Linux memang besar jika dilihat sekilas saja. Namun untuk tujuan jangka panjang, Linux sangatlah murah.

Sumber: RumahLinux [dot] Com

100 comments:

Putu Wiramaswara Widya said...

Saya sangat sependapat sekali dengan point yang menyatakan bahwa dengan menggunakan Linux membuat orang mengerti dengan TIK. Terutama dengan bagaimana jalannya suatu sistem operasi. Kalau di Windows, semua hal yang bersifat tidak penting untuk end user memang ditutup - tutupi, sedangkan di Linux semua terlihat apa adanya..... Semuanya terbuka.........

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memang mas..kadang kala orang agak sulit untuk bermigrasi ke linux..tp memang harus dimulai dan tidak ada alasan lage untuk tidak menggunakan linux..mari sukseskan IGOS..:D

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